Neutrality America And Canada - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2988 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? In past few years the term Network Neutrality or Net Neutrality appeared in many cases when considering the use of internet. What is Net Neutrality? It is a choice of internet users to browse any internet content without any restrictions. Net Neutrality helps those users to freely surf on the internet with helping to prevent Internet Service Providers (ISP) or in some cases even governments to block any content or sites. There are many reasons why the Internet Service Providers (ISP) does that. Two of the primary reasons are money and self interest. Let ´s say for example that we want to search something on Google Search Engine and the connection is extremely slow and even impossible (error on the page). At a same time our Internet Service Provider (ISP) has its own search engine or has an agreement with other independent search engine web site. The reason why we have connection errors or extremely slow internet is because our Internet Service Provider (ISP) does not respect Net Neutrality and intentionally slow down the internet or even in some cases block the content. To avoid that there are many debate how to do that. On every continent the laws are different and Net Neutrality applies in many varieties. Recently, in United States of America there are many law cases that deal with Net Neutrality and who is actually responsible to control the Net Neutrality. Some politicians in United States of America have built their personal career in certain manner based on rights and laws of Net Neutrality. Most important person who is supporting Net Neutrality is current President of United States of America, Barack Obama. In his election time he explained the problem: What youve been seeing is some lobbying that says that the servers and the various portals through which youre getting information over the Internet should be able to be gatekeepers and to charge different rates to different Web sitesso you could get much better quality from the Fox News site and youd be getting rotten service from the mom and pop sites, he went on. And that I think destroys one of the best things about the Internet which is that there is this incredible equality there. (NEWS, 2011) Basically what President Barack Obama tried to say is that all the web sites should be equally rated and equally provided to all internet users and not charged differently. Otherwise, there would be a discrimination and unfairness. The good example is described above with Google Search Engine. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neutrality America And Canada" essay for you Create order Who controls the Net Neutrality? With a confidence, I would say that each country has different policy regarding the Net Neutrality. In: USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Canada: Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). Since the topic Net Neutrality is very broad we will focus mainly on Net Neutrality issues in United States of America and just scratch the surface of Net Neutrality issues in other countries. HISTORY The first appearance of Net Neutrality could be connected to the Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860 signed by United States of America President James Buchanan where stated: That messages received from any individual, company, or corporation, or from any telegraph lines connecting with this line at either of its termini, shall be impartially transmitted in the order of their reception, excepting that the dispatches of the government shall have priority. (Museum, 2011) What started in 1860 is actually the neutrality effect that we can compare with the philosophy of Net Neutrality today and exactly what President Barack Obama was promoting during his campaign. Another appearance of Net Neutrality issue happened in 1956 in law case between HUSH-A-PHONE Corporation, vs. United States of America and Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In this case the problem occurred with understanding of Telecommunication Act from 1934. The part of the case important regarding the Net Neutrality was: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦subscribers right reasonably to use his telephone in ways which are privately beneficial without being publicly detrimental. (HUSH-A-PHONE CORPORATION vs. USA;FCC, 2011) That means that it was a right of a people for privacy and right to use the new component that was giving the option to users for private conversations. The debate was on a safety, but the real reason was actually the outflow of information that was given out in the public and now with a new technology that was not a case anymore. In recent history the appearance of Net Neutrality occurred in 2003 when University of Virginia Law School professor Timothy Wu published his Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾paper in which he pointed out the concern about Net Neutrality. In his paper, Professor Timothy Wu wrote: The promotion of Network Neutrality is no different than the challenge of promoting fair evolutionary competition in any priv ately owned environment, whether a telephone network, operating system, or even a retail store. Government regulation in such contexts invariably tries to help ensure that the short term interests of the owner do not prevent the best products or applications becoming available to end-users. The same interest animates the promotion of network neutrality: preserving a Darwinian competition among every conceivable use of the Internet so that the only the best survive. (Wu, NETWORK NEUTRALITY, BROADBAND, 2011) Basically what Professor Timothy Wu addressed as potential problem was to define a broadband regime to reach the final goal and that is Net Neutrality. One of the proposed Net Neutrality laws that Professor Timothy Wu wrote in his paper was to ensure the quality of internet connections without any throttling or delays or any other practical deviation. Moreover, this particular problem I will discuss later in law case Federal Communications Commission (FCC) vs. Comcast in United States of America where the outcome after appeal was different than above mentioned. In year 2003, Professor Timothy Wu and Professor Lawrence Lessing wrote the letter to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stating the same issues and proposing the same Net Neutrality law ´s and putting a pressure on above mentioned institution to prioritize the issues and deal with the problem such as Net Neutrality. They focused mainly on the broadband users and the rights that they have. The accusations are coming from both sides. Application developers accuse the cable industry of discrimination and blocking content, and say it must be stopped. The cable industry accuses developers of manipulating governmental regulation to gain a competitive advantage. (Wu Lessig, Ex Parte Submission in CS Docket No. 02-52, 2011) Does Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have legal rights on Net Neutrality control over Internet Service Providers (ISPs)? What are the laws that show the righ tness to do such thing? In countries that I will mention in this paper there are government agencies but the laws are not complete and there need to be a lot of revising and completing the formal regulations. NET NEUTRALITY IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The concept of Net Neutrality is mostly spread in United States of America and that is why I will focus mainly of this country. At the moment the Net Neutrality is present just as a basic and broad term which leaves open to any telecommunication company to set the basic rate for each internet user on usage of any internet content or service. When I mentioned basic and broad term, I meant that there are no clear restrictions against charging more or less for different usage of broadband internet consumption. A lot of Internet Service Providers (ISP ´s) tend to manipulate the usage of services in a way to block certain internet ports or slow down intentionally the internet speed. That disables the consumer to surf the internet or certain web sites or make it impossible to download certain internet material. Recently, the things are starting to change due to a high pressure of internet consumers and internet service providers (ISP ´s). Laws and Regulators Federal Communication Commission (FCC is an independent agency of the United States government that has legal rights to control the issues with Net Neutrality. It regulates non- government use of the radio spectrum (radio and TV), all interstate telecommunication (wire, satellite, and cable), and all international communications that originate or operate in the United States of America with jurisdiction in 50 different states. There are two laws that control the actions of Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and those are: Telecommunication Act of 1934 and improved Telecommunication Act of 1996. As already mentioned, the jurisdiction covers the 50 states, District of Columbia, U.S. possessions. (Commission, Telecommunication Act of 1934, 2011) (Commission, Telecommunication Act of 1996, 2011) In 1996, at the 104th Congress of United States of America, the Senate and House of Representatives of United States of America imposed and empowered a new Telecommunications Act to impr ove and challenge the competition in a way to reduce prices and increase the quality of service to all customers in United States of America. Furthermore, they wanted to support the deployment of new technology. The parts of the Telecommunications Act that deal with Net Neutrality are mainly the section 706 and Section 230. In general the Section 706 (Advance Telecommunications Incentives) state: The Commission and each State commission with regulatory jurisdiction over telecommunications services shall encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans (including, in particular, elementary and secondary schools and classrooms) by utilizing, in a manner consistent with the public interest, convenience, and necessity, price cap regulation, regulatory forbearance, measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market, or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment. (Commission, Telecommunication Act of 1996, 2011) Furthermore, inquire was: The Commission shall, within 30 months after the date of enactment of this Act, and regularly thereafter, initiate a notice of inquiry concerning the availability of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans (including, in particular, elementary and secondary schools and classrooms) and shall complete the inquiry within 180 days after its initiation. In the inquiry, the Commission shall determine whether advanced telecommunications capability is being deployed to all Americans in a reasonable and timely fashion. If the Commissions determination is negative, it shall take immediate action to accelerate deployment of such capability by removing barriers to infrastructure investment and by promoting competition in the telecommunications market. (Commission, Telecommunication Act of 1996, 2011) The one part of the Section 230 (Protection for Private Blocking and Screening of Offensive Mat erial) state the following: The Congress finds the following: (1) The rapidly developing array of Internet and other interactive computer services available to individual Americans represent an extraordinary advance in the availability of educational and informational resources to our citizens. (2) These services offer users a great degree of control over the information that they receive, as well as the potential for even greater control in the future as technology develops. (3) The Internet and other interactive computer services offer a forum for a true diversity of political discourse, unique opportunities for cultural development, and myriad avenues for intellectual activity. (4) The Internet and other interactive computer services have flourished, to the benefit of all Americans, with a minimum of government regulation. (5) Increasingly Americans are relying on interactive media for a variety of political, educational, cultural, and entertainment services. (C ommission, Telecommunication Act of 1996, 2011) It is a policy of United States of America to: (1) Promote the continued development of the Internet and other interactive computer services and other interactive media; (2) Preserve the vibrant and competitive free market that presently exists for the Internet and other interactive computer services, unfettered by Federal or State regulation; (3) Encourage the development of technologies which maximize user control over what information is received by individuals, families, and schools who use the Internet and other interactive computer services; (4) Remove disincentives for the development and utilization of blocking and filtering technologies that empower parents to restrict their childrens access to objectionable or inappropriate online material; and (5) Ensure vigorous enforcement of Federal criminal laws to deter and punish trafficking in obscenity, stalking, and harassment by means of computer. (Commission, Tel ecommunication Act of 1996, 2011) Case study To best explain the situation with Net Neutrality in United States of America, it is necessary to discuss about the law case between Comcast Corporation as plaintiff and Federal Communication Commission (FCC) as defendant. Comcast Corporation was at the time largest US cable operator and Internet Service Provider. Everything started in 2008 when Federal Communication Commission (FCC) forced Comcast Corporation to stop blocking peer to peer traffic among customers. To be precise what Comcast Corporation was doing is slowing down intentionally the broadband connection when customers were using Bit Torrent to download or upload any internet material. After that decision the Comcast Corporation decided to appeal at the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit claiming that Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has no rights to forced them to do so. Comcast Corporation claimed that Federal Communication Commission (FCC) could not prove in right justice the jurisdicti on over this violation and that the final order in 2008 was not enough reasoned. Therefore, they stated that there are two laws violated in a way of misinterpretation and abuse of not given authority: Section 706 and Section 230b of 1996 Telecommunication Act. The official statement was following: Implying that this court has done what the Commission has not, the Commission points to a recent decision in which we wrote, The general and generous phrasing of 706 means that the FCC possesses significant, albeit not unfettered, authority and discretion to settle on the best regulatory or deregulatory approach to broadband. Ad Hoc Telecomms. Users Comm. v. FCC, 572 F.3d 903, 906-07 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In that case, however, we cited section 706 merely to support the Commissions choice between regulatory approaches clearly within its statutory authority under other sections of the Act, and upheld the Commissions refusal to forbear from certain regulation of business broadband lines as neith er arbitrary nor capricious. Nowhere did we question the Commissions determination that section 706 does not delegate any regulatory authority. The Commissions reliance on section 706 thus fails. As in the case of section 230(b) and section 1, the Commission is seeking to use its ancillary authority to pursue a stand-alone policy objective, rather than to support its exercise of a specifically delegated power. (United States Court of Appeals, 2011) Since I already explained two sections of the law, I would like to address the holdings of the court because this was the first case that was at the same time a turning point for Net Neutrality. Before the Comcast case, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) has won all the other cases (Verizon, Google, and Turner). It showed that the laws and regulations regarding Net Neutrality in United States of America are not structured well enough and that something needs to be changed. The congress need to make clear the details about the o bligations of Federal Communication Commission (FCC) as institution that is responsible for Net Neutrality. At the end, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that: Because the Commission has failed to tie its assertion of ancillary authority over Comcasts Internet service to any statutorily mandated responsibility, Am. Library, 406 F.3d at 692, we grant the petition for review and vacate the Order. (United States Court of Appeals, 2011) At that point in time, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) had no authority to regulate the internet for the purpose of Net Neutrality. The authority was taken based on different interpretations of the laws from Telecommunication Act. It is expected now from United States of America Congress to impose a new law and reclassify the rules that will allow Federal Communication Commission (FCC) to control the internet in any way. NET NEUTRALITY IN CANADA The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) had in 2009, as a regulatory system in Canada, allowed to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) possibility to manage internet traffic but only under certain explicit circumstances. Before explaining the four circumstances by which Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) had in 2009, as a regulatory system in Canada, allowed to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) possibility to manage internet traffic, it is important to mention that: As required under section 47 of the Act, the Commission must exercise its powers and perform its duties in accordance with any policy direction from the Governor in Council. (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, 2011) The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) control the managing the traffic based on the following four considerations: Transparency ISPs must be transparent about their use. Consumers need this information to make informed decisions about the Internet services they purchase and use. Basically, in case Internet Service Providers (ISPs) decide to slow down certain internet content or to block certain web site, the customers need to know that before they sign a contract. Innovation The Commission recognizes that some measures are required to manage Internet traffic on ISP networks at certain points in the network at certain times. The innovations are favourable to improve the quality and quantity of internet service networking. Clarity ISPs must ensure that any Internet traffic management practices (ITMPs) they employ are not unjustly discriminatory nor unduly preferential. The Commission has established an ITMP framework that provides clarity and a structured approach to evaluating whether existing and future Internet traffic management practices (ITMPs) are in compliance with subsection 27(2) of the Telecommunications Act (the Act). That means slowing the traffic cant be done without prior approval of Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approval. Competitive Neutrality ISPs may continue to employ Internet traffic management practices (ITMPs) without prior Commission approval. The Commission will review such practices, assessing them against the framework, based upon concerns arising primarily through complaints by consumers. (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, 2011) CONCLUSION Net Neutrality is a hot potato that due to increase of usage of internet appeared to be a subject that calls for quick improvements. The debate is still who has the right and what institution is actually in charge of controlling the issues of Net Neutrality. In some countries, this regulation is well imposed, but for example in United States of America it is on United States Congress to clarify exactly the duties and obligations of Federal Communication Commission (FCC) so that everyone is safe and know its business.

Essay about The Shattered Dream of Communism - 1987 Words

Many people all over the world look for an outlet for which they can improve their quality of life. They strive to find the means of transforming their dreams into reality. Communism, to people everywhere, has offered the means for transforming the dream of economic equality into reality, throughout history. Communism, however, like various other political and economic movements in the history of man, has become just another shattered dream. Communism is a political and economic movement brought out to the public in the mid-nineteenth century. The communists main demand is the abolition of private property, which in turn will put an end to any present class system. This is undoubtedly the shortest and most significant way to†¦show more content†¦Their victory only comes from the union of the proletarians, which is helped by the improvement of communications created by the modern industry (Marx 46). There havent always been proletarians, though. They originated in the industrial revolution of England in the last half of the eighteenth century (Engels). The first industrial revolution began in Britain around 1750. It was during this time that many people turned to industry rather than farming to make a living (Wilkinson 70). Friedrich Engels often compared the average proletariat to a slave except one aspect. The slave is sold once and for all; the proletarian must sell himself daily and hourly (Engels). The opposite class of the proletariat was the bourgeois. This was considered the modern capitalist class. According to Marx and Engels they were the owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labor (34). The bourgeois, in other words, were the employers; the business men who sat around while their employees worked painstaking hours. Now the capitalists, who have always been the opposing party of the communists, was the political power. 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Effects of Major Political and Social Movements on the Literary Works of 20th Century Essay Example For Students

Effects of Major Political and Social Movements on the Literary Works of 20th Century Essay Just a decade back, the calendar changed from 1999 to 2000 and the event was marked by joyous celebrations and fireworks throughout the world. Television networks broadcasted this grand event from all over the world. Though the year 2000 belongs to the 20th century, none of us were actually bothered celebrating the turn on of the 21st century. However, I don’t think the same celebration took place when the calendar was turning on the very first day of 20th century. Hardly anyone had any idea on that day on what is about to unfold in the coming hundred years. Then the human civilization saw the most eventful century of the entire history. It was a hundred years when human race observed the greatest of the inventions that changed the lifestyle at a very rapid pace. It was the century when various social and political ideologies were born, spread and died. The world saw two of the most devastating global wars, which could have caused the end of mankind. We saw the rise and fall of super powers and we saw a new kind of war that was not fought with the weapons. We saw the end of colonialism and we saw the rise of terrorism. The world economy suffered from two of the greatest financial meltdown. Knowingly or unknowingly, all these great events had enormous effect on the lives of the global citizens. And just like any other time, literary works from this period was influenced massively by the events of this happening century. A hundred years is not a very lengthy period in the context of human civilization. But in these hundred years of 20th century, there were far more remarkable events or happenings than any other century. The century starts with the collapse of imperialism (Twentieth Centurys Triumphant Entry†) which was followed by the collapsing of colonialism during the middle of the century. The first half of the century saw two great wars, World War I (914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), and the Great Depression during the inter-war years (De 129). This is the century which saw the end of colonialism at the last decade of its first half. This is also the decade when a bomb named ‘Little Boy’ destroyed the life of half million people in Hiroshima in under 5 minutes (â€Å"Tale of Two Cites†). The second half of this century was ruled by a war of nerves, known as the cold war (Thompson 7). The end of the Second World War gave birth of 2 political super powers, United States and the Soviet Union, who tried to rule the post colonial period with their military strength and political influence. The cold war dominated the geographical life for more than 45 years and came to an end with as the Soviet Union collapsed internally in 1991 (Brown). Though this century saw many major wars, the century itself was not just about wars. The century also saw the advancement on other fields such as medicine, science and technology. X-rays, antibiotics, contraceptive, penicillin, vaccination are just to name a few which had changed the world of medicine and so did the life of the people. Advancement in the field of science and technology was just enormous. From television to computers, from satellites to space shuttles- the advancement of science and technology is seen in every single place. Scientific theories such as the theory of relativity drastically changed the world view of the scientist. The mechanization and automation took place on every sector and still taking place even today. This is also the century when mass media, telecommunication and information technology has made the w orld’s knowledge more widely available. The media brought the world closer and as people see the struggle of others, awareness started to build up on issues like human rights and global warming. Apart from the great wars, medical and scientific advancements, 20th century also saw the development of various new philosophical schools. Existentialism, post-structuralism, Marxism, feminism- just are a few to name. Such new philosophic thoughts influenced the religion, politics and social values. Existentialism is generally considered to be the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual (Coates). Such philosophic values have strong conformation with many religious philosophies. Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry centered upon a materialist interpretation of history (Wolff, and Cullenberg 130) and was an inspiration for the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Weber, and Vale 4). Then there was the rise of feminism, which means â€Å"the radical notion that women are people†, according to British suffragist and journ alist Rebecca West. The feminist movement was a social and political movement that sought to establish equality for women and many writers from the 20th century reflected this ideology of equal right in their writing. The 20th century has a great number of writers whose works reflect both the time and the nature of life in this period. However, a very significant notion is that the great literary works from this period did not come only from the American or British writers; it also came from different part of the world. The rise of globalization has allowed European and American literary ideas to spread into non-Western cultures fairly rapidly, so that Asian and African literatures can be included into these divisions with only minor qualifications. Also, many native African or Asian writers either started writing in English or their great works were translated. As a result, the literary resources get richer by day and the reflection of the people and their life from all over the world become more prominent in literature. Since 20th century has seen a very large amount of great literary works, only a handful selection of fiction is used in this paper. Each selection is unique and has its own theme . However, collectively they share a common pattern, portrayal of individuals than society, and show the various effects of socio-political factors of that time. Geosynchronous Orbits EssayFeminism is another phenomenon that has widely influenced the writers of the 20th century. Though the concept of feminism started to grow in the later part of the 19th century, 20th century is the period when it was established as an idealistic movement. Literature from this period started to take a more insightful observation towards the women of the society. Many writers mentioned the oppression and social injustice that women have been facing over the years. The authors also tried to analyze the psychological aspects of women and how the surrounding male dominant environment shapes up their mind. D.H. Lawrence was perhaps the most prominent writer from the 20th century who analyzed woman psychology at a great depth. In â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums† Lawrence showed the transformation of an ordinary housewife who is no more afraid to face the life even after she becomes a widow. Similarly, Joyce also upheld this feminist self-dependency approach by ending â€Å"Evelyn† which can be interpreted that Evelyn no longer wants to get identified by his father or his to-be husband. It is also notable that not too many writers in the previous century showed the psychological development of women in their writing. But 20th century writers took a different approach and many of them actually tried to make a point that women are not just meant to cook, clean or bear babies, they can think as well. Morrison developed the character of Claudia in â€Å"The Bluest Sky† who tries to figure out not just how the life of another typical black woman rolls, she also tries to find out why they have to meet their â€Å"fate†. Apart from the above themes, which are mostly resulted due to political and philosophic movements taken place in that period, 20th century literatures also carries certain characters that is very distinct from the literature of the other periods. The writers tried to focus on individuals, rather than society, how individuals are suffering from identity crisis, how the modern civilization is creating void in human relationship and how the psychological forces are shaping up their behavior. Individualism is a very prominent feature in 20th century writing trend. If we look back at the fiction writers in the previous century or even earlier, we may notice that they highlighted mostly society and various social problems. Individuals were just representative of certain social segments. They do not have their own individual dimension. Social issues like slavery, racism etc. were focused but the individual lives that are affected by these forces, were hardly receiving any attention. But this trend changed in the 20th century, when writers started to focus on the individuals. If we take a look at all the discussed texts related to this paper, we will see every piece of writing address and prioritize the individual than the society. Whether be it Mrs. Elizabeth Bates, Evelyn or Tommy Wilhelm, they all represent individuals. In this connection it can be said many of the 20th century writers also wrote on the lives of the people of middle-class, which has emerged due to the indu strialization and rapid urbanization. 20th century literature also takes the great suffering of identity crisis of the individual from almost all level of the society. From housewife to tribal hero to modern stock broker, almost everyone is in quest of their identity. Mrs. Bates seeks the meaning of life as she gets tired of being a good wife and mother. Evelyn is not sure which course of life she should choose. Oknowo just knows about masculinity, not about anything else that should matter in life. Maureen cannot figure out who she really is despite her husband and children adapts to a new life. And Tommy, who has tried almost all the professions of the world, is still unsure what suits him. So, almost every piece of text we have read, we see individuals are confused about who they really are and looking for their true identity. Finally, the approach of the writers from the 20th century is more towards the psychic of human. We see enhanced analysis of ordinary individuals and how the social forces and factors are affecting their soul. Human alienation has been a dominant theme in the literature of this period. From the isolated death of Mr. Bates in â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums† to Tommy Wilhelm’s weeping over a stranger’s corpse in â€Å"Seize the Day†- they all represent how the modern men are getting more and more isolated, resulted by the complexities of life. Bellow was perhaps the master of all who portrayed a very realistic image of modern human through Tommy Wilhelm, who is termed very significantly as â€Å"alone in the crowd†. It is so true that today we have so many amenities around us to make our life comfortable but perhaps in doing so we are ignoring the human bond which has formed the relations and kept everyone tied together. If someone is asked, how you would define 20th century in a single sentence, one may answer that this is the century which has seen enormous progress in human civilization but has also been bleed severely due to all the wars. And literature from this period also reflects these forces that shaped up the human life and civilization.

Scope Creep free essay sample

Scope creep can be defined as tendency for the project scope to expand over time. It happens when the project gradually begins to shift from its original scope. Scope creep is commonly called the leading cause of project failure. A project manager often tries to manage scope creep. The goal in managing scope creep is to try to minimize the impact of any changes on the project, such as on the timeline and cost. The best way to minimize scope creep is to define the requirements up front as thoroughly as possible. Utilize different techniques such as prototyping and joint application development (JAD) sessions, to thoroughly explore and define the business and technical requirements. There are basically a number of ways scope creep can be managed. These include: 1. Rigid compliance with Project Management Process. 2. A good rapport with Project Stakeholders. 3. Active management of expectations. 4. Good initial estimating and planning. 5. Involve the customers in the earliest stages of the project possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Scope Creep or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6. The project should be a joint effort between the business units and I. T. Decisions should be shared in such areas as approach, requirements, and vendor selections. 7. Divide the projects into phases, with each phase resulting in a release. This enables changes to be brought into the fold on subsequent phases more easily. This also works well when time to market needs to be quick. 8. Achievable goals should be set. 9. Hold prototyping and JAD (joint application development) sessions between the business unit and I. T. , to involve the user in a greater level of detail at an early stage. Example of my scope creep is construction of a building. Initially the plan is designed as per customer requirements. The workers were assigned their duties and they started building the house. But once the construction is started and if customer wants to make any changes to the plan then it would result in a scope creep. When such situation arises builders will set up a meeting with the customer and will demand for more money in order to make changes to the plan. In order to manage this situation builders and contractors will conduct meetings and will make changes as per customer requirements. This scope creep will increase the duration of the project.